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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Protest_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Protest (disambiguation)">Protest (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Political demonstration</a> or <a href="Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a>.</div>
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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Bourgeois_revolution" title="Bourgeois revolution">Bourgeois</a></li>
<li><a href="Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour</a></li>
<li><a href="Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist</a></li>
<li><a href="Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li>
<li><a href="Democratic_revolution" title="Democratic revolution">Democratic</a></li>
<li><a href="Nonviolent_revolution" title="Nonviolent revolution">Nonviolent</a></li>
<li><a href="Passive_revolution" title="Passive revolution">Passive</a></li>
<li><a href="Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent</a></li>
<li><a href="Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian</a></li>
<li><a href="Revolution_from_above" title="Revolution from above">From above</a></li>
<li><a href="Revolutionary_wave" title="Revolutionary wave">Wave</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li>
<li><a href="Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">Civil disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="Civil_war" title="Civil war">Civil war</a></li>
<li><a href="Class_struggle" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li>
<li><a href="Contentious_politics" title="Contentious politics">Contentious politics</a></li>
<li><a href="Coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coup d'état</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a>
<ul><li><a href="Human_chain_(politics)" title="Human chain (politics)">Human chain</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li>
<li><a href="Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a></li>
<li><a href="Mass_mobilization" title="Mass mobilization">Mass mobilization</a></li>
<li><a href="Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li>
<li><a href="Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance</a>
<ul><li><a href="Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent</a></li>
<li><a href="Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil</a></li>
<li><a href="Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Disobedience</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Riot" title="Riot">Riot</a></li>
<li><a href="Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li>
<li><a href="Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li>
<li><a href="Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li>
<li><a href="Revolutionary_terror" title="Revolutionary terror">Terror</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Examples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="English_Revolution" title="English Revolution">English</a></li>
<li><a href="Atlantic_Revolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Revolutions">Atlantic</a>
<ul><li><a href="American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a></li>
<li><a href="Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant</a></li>
<li><a href="Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution" title="Liège Revolution">Liège</a></li>
<li><a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French</a></li>
<li><a href="Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian</a></li>
<li><a href="Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian</a></li>
<li><a href="Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="Revolutions_during_the_1820s" title="Revolutions during the 1820s">1820s</a></li>
<li><a href="Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">1830</a>
<ul><li><a href="July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July</a></li>
<li><a href="Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">1848</a>
<ul><li><a href="Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Italian states</a></li>
<li><a href="French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">February</a></li>
<li><a href="German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German</a></li>
<li><a href="Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka</a></li>
<li><a href="Bulgarian_unification" title="Bulgarian unification">Bulgarian unification</a></li>
<li><a href="Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine</a></li>
<li>Iranian
<ul><li><a href="Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">First</a></li>
<li><a href="Iranian_Revolution" title="Iranian Revolution">Second</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk</a></li>
<li><a href="Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican</a></li>
<li>Chinese
<ul><li><a href="1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Xinhai</a></li>
<li><a href="Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Communist</a></li>
<li><a href="Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">1917–1923</a>
<ul><li><a href="Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="German_revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="German revolution of 1918–1919">German</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese</a></li>
<li><a href="Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish</a></li>
<li><a href="August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August</a></li>
<li><a href="Guatemalan_Revolution" title="Guatemalan Revolution">Guatemalan</a></li>
<li><a href="Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian (1956)</a></li>
<li><a href="Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban</a></li>
<li><a href="Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan</a></li>
<li><a href="Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan</a></li>
<li><a href="Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine</a></li>
<li><a href="Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation</a></li>
<li><a href="Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur</a></li>
<li><a href="People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power</a></li>
<li><a href="Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">1989</a>
<ul><li><a href="Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Yogurt</a></li>
<li><a href="Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet</a></li>
<li><a href="Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian</a></li>
<li><a href="Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Bulldozer</a></li>
<li><a href="Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose</a></li>
<li><a href="Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange</a></li>
<li><a href="Tulip_Revolution" title="Tulip Revolution">Tulip</a></li>
<li><a href="2010_Kyrgyz_Revolution" title="2010 Kyrgyz Revolution">Kyrgyz</a></li>
<li><a href="Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>
<ul><li><a href="Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian</a></li>
<li><a href="2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian</a></li>
<li><a href="Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li>
<li><a href="Second_Arab_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Arab Spring">Second Arab Spring</a>
<ul><li><a href="Sudanese_revolution" title="Sudanese revolution">Sudanese</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<p>A <b>protest</b> (also called a <b>demonstration</b>, <b>remonstration</b>, or <b>remonstrance</b>) is a public act of objection, disapproval or dissent against political advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protests can be thought of as acts of <a href="Cooperation" title="Cooperation">cooperation</a> in which numerous people cooperate by attending, and share the potential costs and risks of doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-Larson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protests can take many different forms, from individual statements to mass <a href="Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">political demonstrations</a>. Protesters may organize a protest as a way of publicly making their opinions heard in an attempt to influence <a href="Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a> or government policy, or they may undertake <a href="Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> in an attempt to enact desired changes themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When protests are part of a systematic and peaceful <a href="Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolent</a> campaign to achieve a particular objective, and involve the use of pressure as well as persuasion, they go beyond mere protest and may be better described as <a href="Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">civil resistance</a> or <a href="Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent resistance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CivilResistance_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CivilResistance-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Various forms of self-expression and protest are sometimes restricted by governmental policy (such as the requirement of <a href="Protest_permit" title="Protest permit">protest permits</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> economic circumstances, religious orthodoxy, social structures, or media monopoly. One state reaction to protests is the use of <a href="Riot_police" title="Riot police">riot police</a>. Observers have noted an increased <a href="Militarization_of_police" title="Militarization of police">militarization</a> of <a href="Protest_policing" title="Protest policing">protest policing</a> in many countries, with police deploying <a href="Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">armored vehicles</a> and snipers against protesters. When such restrictions occur, protests may assume the form of open <a href="Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>, more subtle forms of resistance against the restrictions, or may spill over into other areas such as culture and emigration.
</p><p>A protest itself may at times be the subject of a <a href="Counter-protest" title="Counter-protest">counter-protest</a>. In such cases, counter-protesters demonstrate their support for the person, policy, action, etc. that is the subject of the original protest. Protesters and counter-protesters can sometimes violently clash. One study found that nonviolent activism during the <a href="Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in the United States tended to produce favorable media coverage and changes in public opinion focusing on the issues organizers were raising, but violent protests tended to generate unfavorable media coverage that generated public desire to restore law and order.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_examples">Historical examples</h2></div>
<p>Unaddressed protests may grow and widen into <a href="Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">civil resistance</a>, dissent, activism, riots, <a href="Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a>, revolts, and political or social revolution. Some examples of protests include:
</p>
<ul><li>Northern Europe in the early 16th century (<a href="Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>)</li>
<li>North America in the 1770s (<a href="American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a>, an anti-government protest by several hundred soldiers of the <a href="Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a></li>
<li>France in 1789 (<a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>)</li>
<li>Haiti in 1803 (<a href="Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>), the first successful black revolution against slavery</li>
<li>The <a href="Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a> in 1886, a violent labor protest led by the <a href="Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">Anarchist Movement</a></li>
<li><a href="New_York_shirtwaist_strike_of_1909" title="New York shirtwaist strike of 1909">New York shirtwaist strike of 1909</a></li>
<li><a href="Mohandas_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi's</a> 1930 <a href="Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a> to protest the <a href="History_of_the_British_salt_tax_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British salt tax in India">colonial salt tax in India</a></li>
<li>1963 <a href="Birmingham_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Campaign">Birmingham Children's Crusade</a>, part of the <a href="Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>.</li>
<li>1963 <a href="March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a>, a key moment in the Civil rights movement</li>
<li><a href="Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a> of 1965, part of the Civil Rights Movement</li>
<li><a href="List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">Protests against the Vietnam War</a></li>
<li><a href="Mexico_68" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico 68">Mexico 68</a></li>
<li>The <a href="Takeover_of_Vanha" title="Takeover of Vanha">Takeover of Vanha</a> in <a href="Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, in 1968</li>
<li>The <a href="Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a> in 1969, protesting the treatment of homosexuals in New York City</li>
<li>The <a href="People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a> in the <a href="Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li>1976 Thai military personnel, police and right wing nationalistic milita <a href="6_October_1976_massacre" title="6 October 1976 massacre">shooting at peaceful protesters</a> the Thammasat University of Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>The <a href="Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity (Polish trade union)</a> Movement's protests against Soviet Communism in Poland from 1980 to 1989</li>
<li><a href="June_Democratic_Struggle" title="June Democratic Struggle">June Democratic Struggle</a>, South Korean pro-democracy movement in 1987</li>
<li>The <a href="Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a></li>
<li>The <a href="Alexanderplatz" title="Alexanderplatz">Alexanderplatz</a> demonstrations on 4–9 November 1989, which culminated in the <a href="Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li>
<li>The many <a href="AIDS_Coalition_to_Unleash_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power">ACT-UP</a> <a href="AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> protests of the late 1980s and early 1990s</li>
<li>Japanese Canadians Protest of their <a href="Internment_of_Japanese_Canadians#Protest" title="Internment of Japanese Canadians">Dispossession</a></li>
<li>The <a href="Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> <a href="WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity">WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity</a> against the <a href="World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-globalization_Protests_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization Protests in Prague">Anti-globalization protests in Prague</a> in 2000</li>
<li><a href="S11_(protest)" title="S11 (protest)">S11- Anti World Economic Forum</a> protests in Melbourne, 2000<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Anti-globalization protests in <a href="Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> from 18 to 22 July 2001</li>
<li><a href="February_15%2C_2003_anti-war_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="February 15, 2003 anti-war protest">15 February 2003 Iraq War Protest</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-nuclear_protests" title="Anti-nuclear protests">Anti-nuclear protests</a></li>
<li><a href="2007_Bersih_rally" title="2007 Bersih rally">2007 Bersih rally</a></li>
<li><a href="2010_Thai_political_protests" title="2010 Thai political protests">2010 Thai political protests</a></li>
<li><a href="2011_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Iranian protests">2011 Iranian protests</a></li>
<li><a href="Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> protests</li>
<li><a href="Impact_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Impact of the Arab Spring">Impact of the Arab Spring</a></li>
<li><a href="Occupy_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupy protest">Occupy Wall Street protests</a></li>
<li><a href="Bersih" title="Bersih">Bersih</a> Malaysia protests</li>
<li><a href="Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a> in 2013 in Turkey</li>
<li><a href="June_2013_Egyptian_protests" title="June 2013 Egyptian protests">June 2013 Egyptian protests</a></li>
<li><a href="Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> protests in <a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, November 2013 – February 2014</li>
<li><a href="Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a>-led protests on 13 July 2013</li>
<li><a href="Sunflower_Student_Movement" title="Sunflower Student Movement">Sunflower Student Movement</a></li>
<li><a href="Add_the_Words" class="mw-redirect" title="Add the Words">Add the Words</a> gay and transgender rights protests in Idaho in 2014</li>
<li><a href="2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong Umbrella Movement</a></li>
<li><a href="2016_South_Korean_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 South Korean protests">2016 South Korean protests</a></li>
<li><a href="2017_Jallikattu_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Jallikattu protests">2017 Jallikattu protests</a></li>
<li><a href="2017%E2%80%932019_Romanian_protests" title="2017–2019 Romanian protests">2017–2019 Romanian protests</a></li>
<li><a href="Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests" title="Dakota Access Pipeline protests">Dakota Access Pipeline protests</a></li>
<li>2018 <a href="Tommy_Robinson" title="Tommy Robinson">Tommy Robinson</a> protests</li>
<li>2018 <a href="Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a> <a href="Protests_against_Donald_Trump" title="Protests against Donald Trump">protests</a></li>
<li><a href="March_for_Our_Lives" title="March for Our Lives">March for Our Lives</a> protests</li>
<li><a href="2018_Armenian_Velvet_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution">2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="2018%E2%80%932019_Sudanese_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2018–2019 Sudanese protests">2018–2019 Sudanese protests</a></li>
<li><a href="2018%E2%80%932020_Serbian_protests" title="2018–2020 Serbian protests">2018–2020 Serbian protests</a></li>
<li><a href="2019_Venezuelan_protests" title="2019 Venezuelan protests">2019 Venezuelan protests</a></li>
<li><a href="2019_Indonesian_protests_and_riots" title="2019 Indonesian protests and riots">2019 Indonesian protests</a></li>
<li><a href="2019_Bolivian_protests" title="2019 Bolivian protests">2019 Bolivian protests</a></li>
<li><a href="2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Hong Kong protests">2019–20 Hong Kong protests</a></li>
<li><a href="Citizenship_Amendment_Act_protests" title="Citizenship Amendment Act protests">Citizenship Amendment Act protests</a></li>
<li><a href="2019%E2%80%9320_Lebanese_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Lebanese protests">2019–20 Lebanese protests</a></li>
<li><a href="2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">2019–2021 Iraqi protests</a></li>
<li><a href="George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li>
<li><a href="2020%E2%80%9321_Belarusian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–21 Belarusian protests">2020–21 Belarusian protests</a></li>
<li><a href="Protests_over_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic</a>.</li>
<li><a href="COVID-19_protests_and_riots_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 protests and riots in Serbia">COVID-19 protests and riots in Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="2020_Thai_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Thai protests">2020 Thai protests</a></li>
<li><a href="2020%E2%80%932021_Indian_farmers'_protest" title="2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest">2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest</a></li>
<li><a href="2020%E2%80%932021_United_States_election_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 United States election protests">2020–2021 United States election protests</a></li>
<li><a href="Mahsa_Amini_protests" title="Mahsa Amini protests">Mahsa Amini protests</a></li>
<li><a href="Protests_against_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="Peruvian_protests_(2022%E2%80%932023)" title="Peruvian protests (2022–2023)">Peruvian protests (2022–2023)</a></li>
<li><a href="Gaza_war_protests" title="Gaza war protests">Gaza war protests</a></li>
<li><a href="2024_Columbia_University_pro-Palestinian_campus_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupation">2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupation</a></li>
<li><a href="July_Revolution_(Bangladesh)" title="July Revolution (Bangladesh)">July Revolution (Bangladesh)</a></li>
<li><a href="2024%E2%80%93present_Serbian_anti-corruption_protests" title="2024–present Serbian anti-corruption protests">2024–present Serbian anti-corruption protests</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Repertoire_of_contention" title="Repertoire of contention">Repertoire of contention</a></div>
<p>A protest can take many forms.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pinckney_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinckney-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Willingness to participate is influenced by individuals' ties within <a href="Social_network" title="Social network">social networks</a>. Social connections can affect both the spread of factual information about a protest and <a href="Social_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Social pressure">social pressures</a> on participants.<sup id="cite_ref-Larson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Willing to participate will also vary depending on the type of protest.
Likelihood that someone will respond to a protest is also affected by group identification, and by the types of tactics involved.<sup id="cite_ref-Bugden_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bugden-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p>The Dynamics of Collective Action project and the <a href="Global_Nonviolent_Action_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Nonviolent Action Database">Global Nonviolent Action Database</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are two of the leading data collection efforts attempting to capture information about protest events. The Dynamics of Collective Action project considers the repertoire of protest tactics (and their definitions) to include:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><b>Rally</b> or <b>Demonstration</b>: Demonstration, rally, or similar protest, without reference to marching or walking in a <a href="Picketing" title="Picketing">picket line</a> or standing in a <a href="Vigil" title="Vigil">vigil</a>. Reference to speeches, speakers, singing, or preaching, often verified by the presence of <a href="Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA sound equipment</a> and sometimes by a platform or stage. Ordinarily will include worship services, speeches, briefings.</li>
<li><b>March</b>: Reference to moving from one location to another; to distinguish from rotating or walking in a circle with picket signs (which is a picket).</li>
<li><b>Vigil</b>: Most vigils have banners, placards, or leaflets so that people passing by, despite silence from participants, can be informed about the purpose of the vigil.</li>
<li><b>Picket</b>: The modal activity is picketing; there may be references to a picket line, informational picketing, or holding signs; "carrying signs and walking around in a circle". Holding signs, placards, or banners is not the defining criteria; rather, it is holding or carrying those items and walking a circular route, a phrase sometimes surprisingly found in the permit application.</li>
<li><b>Civil Disobedience</b>: Explicit protest that involves deliberately breaking laws deemed unjust in order to protest them; crossing barricades, prohibited use of segregated facilities (such as <a href="Lunch_counter_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunch counter protests">lunch-counters</a> or restrooms), voter registration drives (to earn non-eligible people the right to vote), or tying up phone lines.</li>
<li><b>Ceremony</b>: These celebrate or protest status transitions ranging from birth and death dates of individuals, organizations or nations; seasons; re-enlistment or commissioning of military personnel; or to anniversaries of any of the above. These are sometimes referenced by presenting flowers or wreaths commemorating, dedicating, or celebrating status transitions or their anniversary; e.g., an annual <a href="Merchant_marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant marine">merchant marine</a> memorial service, celebrating <a href="Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> or Easter, or celebrating the birthday of <a href="Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li>
<li><b><a href="Dramaturgical_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramaturgical action">Dramaturgical</a> Demonstration</b></li>
<li><b>Motorcade</b>: Vehicular procession (electoral campaigns or other issues)</li>
<li><b>Information distribution</b>: Tabling/petition gathering, lobbying, letter-writing campaigns, or <a href="Teach-in" title="Teach-in">teach-ins</a>.</li>
<li><b>Symbolic Display</b>: e.g., a <a href="Menorah_(Hanukkah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Hanukkah)">menorah</a> or <a href="Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">creche scene</a>, graffiti, <a href="Cross_burning" title="Cross burning">cross burning</a>, sign, or standing display.</li>
<li><b>Attack</b> by collective group (not-one-on-one <a href="Assault" title="Assault">assault</a>, crime, rape): Motivation for attack is the "other group's identity", as in <a href="Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">gay-bashing</a> or <a href="Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a>. Can also include verbal attacks or threats. (See <a href="Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crime</a>)</li>
<li><b>Riot, melee, mob violence</b>: Large-scale (50+), use of violence by instigators against persons, property, police, or buildings separately or in combination, lasting several hours.</li>
<li><b>Strike, slow down, sick-ins, and employee work protest of any kind</b>: Regular air strike through failure of negotiations or wildcat air strike. (Make note if a <a href="Wildcat_strike_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildcat strike action">wildcat strike</a>.)</li>
<li><b>Boycott</b>: Organized refusal to buy or use a product or service. Examples: <a href="Rent_strike" title="Rent strike">rent strikes</a>, <a href="Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycotts</a></li>
<li><b>Press Conference</b>: Only if specifically named as such in report, and must be the predominant activity form. Could involve disclosure of information to "educate the public" or influence various decision-makers.</li>
<li><b>Organization formation announcement</b> or <b>meeting announcement</b>: Meeting or press conference to announce the formation of a new organization.</li>
<li><b>Conflict, attack or clash (no instigator)</b>: This includes any boundary conflict in which no instigator can be identified, i.e. Black/white conflicts, abortion/anti-abortion conflicts.</li>
<li><b>Prayer Walk:</b> A prayer walk is an activity that consists of walking and praying at the same time. <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">It is done not for the physical benefit but for the spiritual exercise, either publicly functioning as a demonstration or rally.</span></li>
<li><b>Lawsuit</b>: Legal maneuver by social movement organization or group.</li>
<li><b><a href="Peopleless_protest" title="Peopleless protest">Peopleless Protest</a>:</b> Simultaneous online and offline protests involving physical representations of protesters in public spaces that are subsequently assembled online. Developed in Europe during the <a href="COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. Holographic projections of protesters were used in Spain to highlight the use of anti-protest laws in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p>The <a href="Global_Nonviolent_Action_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Nonviolent Action Database">Global Nonviolent Action Database</a> uses Gene Sharp's classification of 198 methods of nonviolent action. There is considerable overlap with the Dynamics of Collective Action repertoire, although the GNA repertoire includes more specific tactics. Together, the two projects help define tactics available to protesters and document instances of their use.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typology">Typology</h2></div>
<p>Thomas Ratliff and Lori Hall<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have devised a typology of six broad activity categories of the protest activities described in the Dynamics of Collective Action project.
</p>
<ul><li><b>Literal, symbolic, aesthetic and sensory</b> – Artistic, dramaturgical, and symbolic displays (street theater, dancing, etc.) including use of images, objects, graphic art, musical performances, or vocal/auditory exhibitions (speech-making, chanting, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> May also include tactile exchanges of information (petitions, leaflets, etc.) and the destruction of objects of symbolic or political value. Highly visible and most diverse category of activity; impacts on society (police response, media focus, impact on potential allies, etc.) often are underestimated.</li>
<li><b>Solemnity and the sacred</b> – Vigils, prayer, or rallies, in the form of religious service, <a href="Candlelight_vigil" title="Candlelight vigil">candlelight vigils</a>, cross or coffin bearing etc. All directly related to the <a href="Durkheimian" class="mw-redirect" title="Durkheimian">Durkheimian</a> "<a href="Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a>", or some form of religious or spiritual practice, belief, or ideology. Events where sacred activity is the primary focus are rarely responded to by police with force or presence. Solemnity usually provides a distinct quietness or stillness, changing the energy, description, and interpretation of such events.</li>
<li><b>Institutional and conventional</b> – Institutionalized activity or activity highly dependent on formal political processes and social institutions (press conferences, lawsuits, lobbying, etc.). Often conflated with non-confrontational and nonviolent activities in research as the <i>other</i> or reference category. More <i>acceptable</i> because it operates, to some degree, within the system. Historically contentious issue in regard to the practice of protest due to this integration within the system.</li>
<li><b>Movement in space</b> – Marches or parades (processional activities) from one spatio-temporal location to another, with beginning or ending places sometimes chosen for symbolic reasons. Picket lines often used in labor strikes but can be used by non-labor actors but the key differences between picket and processionals are the distance of movement. Events that take the form of a procession are logistically much more difficult to police (even if it is for the safety of protesters). Marches are some of the largest events in this period.</li>
<li><b>Civil disobedience</b> – Withholding obligations, <a href="Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-ins</a>, blockades, <a href="Shop-in" title="Shop-in">shop-ins</a>, occupations, bannering, "camping", etc., are all specific activities which constitute the tactical form of civil disobedience. In some way, these activities directly or technically break the law. Usually given most attention by researchers, media, and authorities. Often conflated with violence and threats because of direct action and confrontational nature, but should serve as a distinct category of action (both in the context of tactical and strategic planning and in the control of activity).</li>
<li><b>Collective violence and threats</b> – Collective violence such as pushing, shoving, hitting, punching, damaging property, throwing objects, verbal threats, etc., is usually committed by a relative few out of many protesters (even tens of thousands). It is rare in occurrence and rarely condoned by the public or onlookers (particularly the media). Usually met with equivalent or overwhelming force in response by authorities.</li></ul>
<p>Some forms of <a href="Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> listed in this article are also <a href="Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">public demonstrations</a> or rallies:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">Protest march</a>, a historically and geographically common form of <a href="Nonviolent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent">nonviolent</a> action by groups of people.</li>
<li><a href="Picketing_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Picketing (protest)">Picketing</a>, a form of protest in which people congregate outside a place of work or location where an event is taking place. Often, this is done in an attempt to dissuade others from going in ("crossing the picket line"), but it can also be done to draw public attention to a cause.</li>
<li><a href="Street_protester" class="mw-redirect" title="Street protester">Street protesters</a> demonstrate in areas with high visibility, often employing handmade <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/placard" class="extiw external" title="wikt:placard">placards</a> such as <a href="Sandwich_board" title="Sandwich board">sandwich boards</a> or picket signs in order to maximize exposure and interaction with the public.</li>
<li><a href="Lockdown" title="Lockdown">Lockdowns</a> and <a href="Lock-on_(protest_tactic)" title="Lock-on (protest tactic)">lock-ons</a> are a way to stop movement of an object like a structure or tree, and to thwart the removal of actual protesters from the location. Users employ various chains, locks and even the <a href="Sleeping_dragon_(manoeuver)" title="Sleeping dragon (manoeuver)">sleeping dragon</a> for impairment of those trying to remove them with a matrix of composted materials.</li>
<li><a href="Die-in" title="Die-in">Die-ins</a> are a form of protest where participants simulate being dead (with varying degrees of realism). In the simplest form of a die-in, protesters simply lie down on the ground and pretend to be dead, sometimes covering themselves with signs or banners. Much of the effectiveness depends on the posture of the protesters, for when not properly executed, the protest might look more like a "sleep-in". For added realism, simulated wounds are sometimes painted on the bodies, or bandages, usually made to appear bloody, are used.</li>
<li><a href="Protest_song" title="Protest song">Protest song</a> is a song which protests perceived problems in society. Every major movement in Western history has been accompanied by its own collection of protest songs, from slave <a href="Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">emancipation</a> to women's <a href="Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a>, the <a href="Labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor movement">labor movement</a>, <a href="Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, the anti-war movement, the <a href="Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> movement, the environmental movement.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the songs have come to protest more abstract, moral issues, such as <a href="Injustice" title="Injustice">injustice</a>, <a href="Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a>, the morality of war in general (as opposed to purely protesting individual wars), <a href="Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, inflation, <a href="Social_inequalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Social inequalities">social inequalities</a>, and <a href="Incarceration" class="mw-redirect" title="Incarceration">incarceration</a>.</li>
<li><a href="Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a>. The idea is to ironically re-appropriate the aesthetics of <a href="Cheerleading" title="Cheerleading">cheerleading</a>, for example by changing the <a href="Chant" title="Chant">chants</a> to promote feminism and left-wing causes. Many radical cheerleaders (some of whom are male, <a href="Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> or non-gender identified) are in appearance far from the stereotypical image of a cheerleader.</li>
<li><a href="Critical_Mass_(cycling)" title="Critical Mass (cycling)">Critical Mass</a> bike rides have been perceived as protest activities. A 2006 <i><a href="The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">New Yorker</a></i> article described Critical Mass' activity in New York City as "monthly political-protest rides", and characterized Critical Mass as a part of a <a href="Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the U.K. <a href="E-zine" class="mw-redirect" title="E-zine">e-zine</a> <a href="Urban75" title="Urban75">Urban75</a>, which advertises as well as publishes photographs of the Critical Mass event in London, describes this as "the monthly protest by cyclists reclaiming the streets of London".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Critical Mass participants have insisted that these events should be viewed as "celebrations" and spontaneous gatherings, not as protests or organized demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stance allows Critical Mass to argue a legal position that its events can occur without advance notification of local police.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Toyi-toyi" title="Toyi-toyi">Toyi-toyi</a> is a Southern African dance originally from Zimbabwe that became famous for its use in political protests in the apartheid-era South Africa. See <a href="Protest_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protest in South Africa">Protest in South Africa</a>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Written_demonstration">Written demonstration</h3></div>
<p>Written evidence of political or economic power, or democratic justification may also be a way of protesting.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Petition" title="Petition">Petitions</a></li>
<li><a href="Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letters</a> (to show political power by the volume of letters): Used by some letter writing campaigns, especially those with a <a href="Form_letter" title="Form letter">form letter</a> that supporters are given to sign</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_disobedience_demonstrations">Civil disobedience demonstrations</h3></div>
<p>Any protest could be <a href="Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> if a "ruling authority" says so, but the following are <i>usually</i> civil disobedience demonstrations:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Public_nudity" class="mw-redirect" title="Public nudity">Public nudity</a> or <a href="Topfree" class="mw-redirect" title="Topfree">topfree</a> (to protest indecency laws or as a <a href="Publicity_stunt" title="Publicity stunt">publicity stunt</a> for another protest such as a war protest) or <a href="Animal_mistreatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal mistreatment">animal mistreatment</a> (e.g. <a href="PETA" class="mw-redirect" title="PETA">PETA</a>'s campaign against fur). See also <a href="Nudity_and_protest" title="Nudity and protest">Nudity and protest</a>.</li>
<li><a href="Sit-in" title="Sit-in">Sit-in</a></li>
<li><a href="Photobombing" title="Photobombing">Photobombing</a> – disrupting an event being broadcast live</li>
<li><a href="Raasta_roko" class="mw-redirect" title="Raasta roko">Raasta roko</a> – people blocking auto traffic with their bodies</li>
<li><a href="Silent_protest" title="Silent protest">Silent protest</a></li>
<li><a href="Lebenslaute" title="Lebenslaute">Lebenslaute</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_residence">As a residence</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Peace_camp" title="Peace camp">Peace camp</a></li>
<li>Formation of a <a href="Tent_city" title="Tent city">tent city</a></li>
<li><a href="Camp_for_Climate_Action" title="Camp for Climate Action">Camp for Climate Action</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destructive">Destructive</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Hatchetation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatchetation">Hatchetation</a></li>
<li><a href="Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a> – Smashing windows or spraying <a href="Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> is used as a form of riot, and is sometimes employed by <a href="Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">black bloc</a> groups.</li>
<li><a href="Riot" title="Riot">Riot</a> – Protests or attempts to end protests sometimes lead to rioting.</li>
<li><a href="Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a> – stealing goods from establishments or businesses (takes place during riots)</li>
<li><a href="Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">Self-immolation</a></li>
<li><a href="Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a></li>
<li><a href="Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">Hunger strike</a></li>
<li><a href="Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing">Bombing</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-destructive">Non-destructive</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Silent_protest" title="Silent protest">Silent protest</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – protests or parades in which participants are nonviolent and usually silent in an attempt to avoid violent confrontation with military or police forces. This tactic was effectively used during the <a href="Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> in cities such as <a href="Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> and <a href="Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_action">Direct action</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil resistance</a><sup id="cite_ref-CivilResistance_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CivilResistance-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li>
<li><a href="Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupation</a></li>
<li><a href="Public_shaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Public shaming">Public shaming</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Against_a_government">Against a government</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li>
<li><a href="Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li>
<li><a href="Flag_desecration" title="Flag desecration">Flag desecration</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-war_movements">Anti-war movements</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Port_Militarization_Resistance" title="Port Militarization Resistance">Port Militarization Resistance</a> – protests which attempt to prevent military cargo shipments</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Against_a_planning_application_or_development">Against a planning application or development</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a> ("not in my backyard") – protest by residents of an area against a development in the area they see as undesirable</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_government_employees">By government employees</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Bully_pulpit" title="Bully pulpit">Bully pulpit</a></li>
<li><a href="Judicial_activism" title="Judicial activism">Judicial activism</a></li>
<li><a href="Filibuster" title="Filibuster">Filibuster</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Job_action">Job action</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Industrial_action" title="Industrial action">Industrial action</a></div>
<ul><li><a href="Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li>
<li><a href="Walkout" title="Walkout">Walkout</a></li>
<li><a href="Work-to-rule" title="Work-to-rule">Work-to-rule</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_sports">In sports</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="U.S._national_anthem_kneeling_protests" title="U.S. national anthem kneeling protests">U.S. national anthem kneeling protests</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_management">By management</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Lockout_(industry)" title="Lockout (industry)">Lockout</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_tenants">By tenants</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Rent_strike" title="Rent strike">Rent strike</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_consumers">By consumers</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li>
<li><a href="Consumer_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Court">Consumer Court</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information">Information</h3></div>
<ul><li>Informative <a href="Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">letters</a>, letter writing campaigns, letters to the editor</li>
<li><a href="Teach-in" title="Teach-in">Teach-in</a></li>
<li><a href="Zine" title="Zine">Zine</a></li>
<li><a href="Soapbox" title="Soapbox">Soap-boxing</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_disobedience_to_censorship">Civil disobedience to censorship</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a> (distributing censored materials)</li>
<li>Protest graffiti</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_Internet_and_social_networking">By Internet and social networking</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet activism</a></div>
<p>Blogging and social networking have become effective tools to register protest and grievances. Protests can express views or news, and use viral networking to reach out to thousands of people. With protests on the rise from the <a href="US_election_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="US election 2016">U.S. election season of 2016</a> going into 2017, protesters became aware that using their <a href="Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> during a protest could make them an easier target for <a href="Government_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Government surveillance">government surveillance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature,_art_and_culture">Literature, art and culture</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Against_religious_or_ideological_institutions">Against religious or ideological institutions</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Recusancy" title="Recusancy">Recusancy</a></li>
<li><a href="Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protest_policing">Protest policing</h2></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Protest_policing" title="Protest policing">Protest policing</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protest_policing&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<p><a href="Protest_policing" title="Protest policing">Protest policing</a> or public order policing is part of a state’s response to <a href="Political_dissent" title="Political dissent">political dissent</a> and <a href="Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movements</a>. <a href="Police" title="Police">Police</a> maintenance of public order during protest is an essential component of <a href="Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>, with <a href="Military_response_to_protest" title="Military response to protest">military response to protest</a> being more common under <a href="Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-Protest_policing_:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protest_policing_:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Australasian, European, and North American democratic states have all experienced increased surveillance of protest movements and more militarized protest policing since 1995 and through the first decades of the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-Protest_policing_:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protest_policing_:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Protest_policing_:3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protest_policing_:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
Criminalization of dissent is legislation or law enforcement that penalizes political dissent. It may also be accomplished through media that controls public discourse to delegitimize critics of the state. Study of protest criminalization places protest policing in a broader framework of criminology and sociology of law.<sup id="cite_ref-Protest_policing_:1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protest_policing_:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_effects_against_companies">Economic effects against companies</h2></div>
<p>A study of 342 US protests covered by <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> newspaper from 1962 to 1990 showed that such public activities usually affected the company's <a href="Publicly_traded" class="mw-redirect" title="Publicly traded">publicly traded</a> <a href="Stock" title="Stock">stock</a> price. The most intriguing aspect of the study's findings revealed that the amount of media coverage the event received was of the most importance to this study. Stock prices fell an average of one-tenth of a percent for every paragraph printed about the event.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
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<ul><li><i><a href="Activist_Wisdom" title="Activist Wisdom">Activist Wisdom</a></i>, a book about protesters in Australia</li>
<li><a href="Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li>
<li><a href="Fare_strike" title="Fare strike">Fare strike</a></li>
<li><a href="First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="Coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coup d'état</a></li>
<li><a href="Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="Riot" title="Riot">Riot</a></li>
<li><a href="People_power" title="People power">People power</a></li>
<li><a href="Two_Minutes_Hate" title="Two Minutes Hate">Two Minutes Hate</a></li>
<li><a href="Struggle_session" title="Struggle session">Struggle session</a></li>
<li><a href="Emmanuel_Goldstein" title="Emmanuel Goldstein">Emmanuel Goldstein</a></li>
<li><a href="Mass_mobilization" title="Mass mobilization">Mass mobilization</a></li>
<li><a href="Papal_bull#Burning" title="Papal bull">Burning of the Papal Bull by Martin Luther</a>, during <a href="Protestant_reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant reformation">Protestant reformation</a> and the <a href="Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> of the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in <a href="Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and <a href="Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, <a href="Mainland_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland Europe">Mainland Europe</a>, <a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a></li>
<li><a href="Gandhigiri" title="Gandhigiri">Gandhigiri</a></li>
<li>"<a href="I_Protest" title="I Protest">I Protest</a>"</li>
<li><a href="List_of_uprisings_led_by_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of uprisings led by women">List of uprisings led by women</a></li>
<li><a href="Protest_art" title="Protest art">Protest art</a></li>
<li><a href="Public_Library_Advocacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library Advocacy">Public Library Advocacy</a></li>
<li><a href="Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></li>
<li><a href="Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="Tactical_frivolity" title="Tactical frivolity">Tactical frivolity</a></li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/protest">"Definition of PROTEST"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Protest_policing_:0-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Protest_policing_:0_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPortaReiter" class="citation book cs1">Porta, Donatella Della; Reiter, Herbert Reiter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NMcGg_VCHlkC"><i>Policing Protest: The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies</i></a>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4529-0333-0</bdi>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Protest_policing_:1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Protest_policing_:1_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protest_policing_:1_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSelminiDi_Ronco2023" class="citation journal cs1">Selmini, Rossella; Di Ronco, Anna (November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/727553">"The Criminalization of Dissent and Protest"</a>. <i>Crime and Justice</i>. <b>52</b>: <span class="nowrap">197–</span>231. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F727553">10.1086/727553</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11585%2F958859">11585/958859</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0192-3234">0192-3234</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Protest_policing_:3-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Protest_policing_:3_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWood2014" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Lesley J. (2014). <i>Crisis and control: the militarization of protest policing</i>. Toronto: Between the Lines. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7453-3388-5</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWelling2007" class="citation news cs1">Welling, Angie (13 November 2007). "Coverage of protests hurts firms, Cornell-Y. study says". <i><a href="Deseret_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Deseret Morning News">Deseret Morning News</a></i>. p. E3.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_manipulation243" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media_manipulation243" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias</a></li>
<li><a href="Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li>
<li><a href="Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li>
<li><a href="False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li>
<li><a href="Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truths</a></li>
<li><a href="Mass_media" title="Mass media">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">Obfuscation</a></li>
<li><a href="Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li>
<li><a href="Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Advocacy" title="Advocacy">Advocacy</a>
<ul><li><a href="Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">group</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li>
<li><a href="Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li>
<li><a href="Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li>
<li><a href="Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li>
<li><a href="Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li>
<li><a href="Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstrations</a></li>
<li><a href="Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li>
<li><a href="Grassroots" title="Grassroots">Grassroots</a></li>
<li><a href="Guerrilla_communication" title="Guerrilla communication">Guerrilla communication</a></li>
<li><a href="Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li>
<li><a href="Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupations</a></li>
<li><a href="Petition" title="Petition">Petitions</a></li>
<li><a href="Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Advertorial" title="Advertorial">Advertorial</a>/<a href="Native_advertising" title="Native advertising">Native advertising</a></li>
<li><a href="Billboard" title="Billboard">Billboards</a></li>
<li><a href="False_advertising" title="False advertising">False</a></li>
<li><a href="Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Infomercials</a></li>
<li><a href="Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobiles</a></li>
<li><a href="Promotional_model" title="Promotional model">Modeling</a></li>
<li><a href="Radio_advertisement" title="Radio advertisement">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Sex</a></li>
<li><a href="Advertising_slogan" title="Advertising slogan">Slogans</a></li>
<li><a href="Testimonial" title="Testimonial">Testimonials</a></li>
<li><a href="Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">TV</a></li>
<li><a href="Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li>
<li><a href="Annoyance_factor" title="Annoyance factor">Annoyance factor</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a> and <br> <a href="Mass_media_regulation" title="Mass media regulation">mass media regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a></li>
<li><a href="Broadcast_law" title="Broadcast law">Broadcast law</a></li>
<li><a href="Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burying of scholars</a></li>
<li><a href="Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li>
<li><a href="Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a></li>
<li><a href="Cover-up" title="Cover-up">Cover-ups</a></li>
<li><a href="Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li>
<li><a href="Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a></li>
<li><a href="Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li>
<li><a href="Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li>
<li><a href="Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoaxing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li>
<li><a href="April_Fools'_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools'</a></li>
<li><a href="Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a>
<ul><li><a href="Audio_deepfake" title="Audio deepfake">audio</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a>
<ul><li><a href="Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">websites</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li>
<li><a href="Fictitious_entry" title="Fictitious entry">Fictitious entries</a></li>
<li><a href="Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li>
<li><a href="Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li>
<li><a href="Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_hoaxes" title="List of hoaxes">List</a></li>
<li><a href="Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">Literary</a></li>
<li><a href="Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li>
<li><a href="Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li>
<li><a href="Racial_hoax" title="Racial hoax">Racial</a></li>
<li><a href="Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li>
<li><a href="Virus_hoax" title="Virus hoax">Virus</a></li>
<li><a href="Video_manipulation" title="Video manipulation">Video manipulation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a></li>
<li><a href="Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty</a></li>
<li><a href="Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product</a></li>
<li><a href="Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a></li>
<li><a href="Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li>
<li><a href="Market_research" title="Market research">Research</a></li>
<li><a href="Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word of mouth</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting</a></li>
<li><a href="News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_circus" title="Media circus">Circus</a></li>
<li><a href="24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">Cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li>
<li><a href="False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li>
<li><a href="Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li>
<li><a href="Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing</a></li>
<li><a href="Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li>
<li><a href="Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_event" title="Media event">Pseudo-event</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_scrum" title="Media scrum">Scrum</a></li>
<li><a href="Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Campaign_advertising" title="Campaign advertising">Advertising</a></li>
<li><a href="Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></li>
<li><a href="Attack_ad" title="Attack ad">Attack ad</a></li>
<li><a href="Canvassing" title="Canvassing">Canvassing</a></li>
<li><a href="Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li>
<li><a href="Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li>
<li><a href="Election_promise" title="Election promise">Election promises</a></li>
<li><a href="Lawn_sign" title="Lawn sign">Lawn signs</a></li>
<li><a href="Party_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Party platform">Party platforms (or manifestos)</a></li>
<li><a href="Name_recognition" title="Name recognition">Name recognition</a></li>
<li><a href="Negative_campaigning" title="Negative campaigning">Negative</a></li>
<li><a href="Push_poll" title="Push poll">Push polling</a></li>
<li><a href="Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon</a></li>
<li><a href="Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li>
<li><a href="Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li>
<li><a href="Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li>
<li><a href="Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li>
<li><a href="Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li>
<li><a href="Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li>
<li><a href="Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li>
<li><a href="National_myth" title="National myth">National mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="Rally_'round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li>
<li><a href="Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda">Airborne leaflets</a></li>
<li><a href="False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li>
<li><a href="Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li>
<li><a href="Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information (IT)</a></li>
<li><a href="Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li>
<li><a href="Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li>
<li><a href="Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li>
<li><a href="Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li>
<li><a href="Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li>
<li><a href="Non-apology_apology" title="Non-apology apology">Non-apology apology</a></li>
<li><a href="Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation management</a></li>
<li><a href="Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogans</a></li>
<li><a href="Sound_bite" title="Sound bite">Sound bites</a></li>
<li><a href="Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li>
<li><a href="Transfer_(propaganda)" title="Transfer (propaganda)">Transfer</a></li>
<li><a href="Understatement" title="Understatement">Understatement</a></li>
<li><a href="Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel words</a></li>
<li><a href="Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Corporate propaganda</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">Cold calling</a></li>
<li><a href="Door-to-door" title="Door-to-door">Door-to-door</a></li>
<li><a href="Pricing" title="Pricing">Pricing</a></li>
<li><a href="Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstrations</a></li>
<li><a href="Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Promotion</a>
<ul><li><a href="Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a></li>
<li><a href="Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a>
<ul><li><a href="Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Media concentration</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media democracy</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li>
<li><a href="Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Media influence</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_proprietor" title="Media proprietor">Media proprietor</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_culture104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media_culture104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li>
<li><a href="Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a></li>
<li><a href="Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li>
<li><a href="Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li>
<li><a href="Lost_media" title="Lost media">Lost media</a></li>
<li><a href="Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li>
<li><a href="Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">Mainstream media</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_economics" title="Media economics">Media economics</a></li>
<li><a href="Mobile_media" title="Mobile media">Mobile media</a></li>
<li><a href="New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li>
<li><a href="News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li>
<li><a href="News_media" title="News media">News media</a></li>
<li><a href="Old_media" title="Old media">Old media</a></li>
<li><a href="Physical_media" title="Physical media">Physical media</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a>
<ul><li><a href="Influencer" title="Influencer">Influencers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="State_media" title="State media">State media</a></li>
<li><a href="Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Media_development" title="Media development">Media development</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_policy" title="Media policy">Media policy</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media independence">Media independence</a>
<ul><li><a href="Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li>
<li><a href="Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Media_pluralism" title="Media pluralism">Media pluralism</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li>
<li><a href="Marketplace_of_ideas" title="Marketplace of ideas">Marketplace of ideas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li>
<li><a href="American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li>
<li><a href="Bipartisanship_as_an_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisanship as an ideology">Bipartisanship</a></li>
<li><a href="Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li>
<li><a href="Pens%C3%A9e_unique" title="Pensée unique">Pensée unique</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li>
<li><a href="Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a>
<ul><li><a href="Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li>
<li><a href="Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li>
<li><a href="Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li>
<li><a href="Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li>
<li><a href="Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_circus" title="Media circus">Media circus</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_event" title="Media event">Media event</a></li>
<li><a href="Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li>
<li><a href="Recuperation_(politics)" title="Recuperation (politics)">Recuperation</a></li>
<li><a href="Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li>
<li><a href="Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li>
<li><a href="Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li>
<li><a href="Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li>
<li><a href="Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li>
<li><a href="Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li>
<li><a href="Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li>
<li><a href="Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li>
<li><a href="Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a></li>
<li><a href="Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li>
<li><a href="Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li>
<li><a href="Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li>
<li><a href="Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li>
<li><a href="Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a></li>
<li><a href="Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li>
<li><a href="Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupation</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_satire" title="Political satire">Political satire</a></li>
<li><a href="Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li>
<li><a href="Review_bomb" title="Review bomb">Review bomb</a></li>
<li><a href="Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li>
<li><a href="Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization</a></li>
<li><a href="Semiotic_democracy" title="Semiotic democracy">Semiotic democracy</a></li>
<li><i><a href="The_Lonely_Crowd" title="The Lonely Crowd">The Lonely Crowd</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li>
<li><a href="Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li>
<li><a href="Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">Exploitation of women</a></li>
<li><a href="Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li>
<li><a href="Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Transparency</a></li>
<li><a href="Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Violence</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synonyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li>
<li><a href="Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li>
<li><a href="Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li>
<li><a href="Post-Fordism" title="Post-Fordism">Post-Fordism</a></li>
<li><a href="Spectacle_(critical_theory)" title="Spectacle (critical theory)">Society of the Spectacle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273120#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273120#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4157835-1">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Protests"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10659124">NARA</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/caaf0202-c8b4-4554-bf69-b18640ed45e0">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">protest movement </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4226404-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Protest movements"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh91005953">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="protestní hnutí"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124669&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Protest movements"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10646385">NARA</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000151200&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1079826">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007541822805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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